Battered Women’s Syndrome Plea and a Defendants Financial...

When battered woman’s syndrome has been used as a plea of self-defense, especially in cases of homicide, it has highly been scrutinized. According to recent research, characteristics associated with the syndrome form a standard that jurors use to judge battered women. This study would evaluate how characteristics of a defendant would affect a juror’s legal decision-making, in a case of a woman pleading not guilty under terms of self-defense, who were suffering from battered woman’s syndrome. To discuss the role of the battered women’s syndrome in relation to how characteristics of a victim affect legal decision-making it is important to define what battered women’s syndrome is. Battered women’s syndrome is the array of physical and†¦show more content†¦Because the violence that battered woman face is continual and the woman are not on equal physical grounds, they usually â€Å"strike† back, and this is usually reflected in the circumstances surrounding the killing like using a weapon (Schuller Vidmar, 1992). Furthermore, because of the unequal fighting grounds, woman usually do not attack during a direct confrontation (i.e. during a beating), but rather at some point outside of a confrontation, usually due to perceiving that there is no escape from her situation other than attacking back (Schuller Vidmar, 1992). Because woman strike back at their abusers; battered woman’s syndrome has been used in courts as a plea when their actions were believed to be in self-defense (Hodell et. al, 2011). And when a battered woman kills her abuser, they must convince a jury of the rationality of her lethal actions to successfully advance a plea of self-defense (Schuller et al., 2004). When jurors believe that under the given circumstances a defendant’s behavior was justified under the law a jury can find a defendant not guilty by reason of self-defense (Hodell et al., 2011). Recent research in case’s of self-defense suggest that when using the battered women’s syndrome certain characteristics of the defendant could interfere with the accused sentencing (Russell, Ragatz, Kraus, 2012). The problem is that when defendant’s claim to be battered they may be at a disadvantage in the courtroom when their characteristics, experiences

Marduk the Mesopotamian Creation God

Marduk—also know as Bel or Sanda—is a Babylonian creator god who defeats an earlier generation of water gods to form and populate the earth, according to the earliest written creation epic, the Enuma Elish, which is presumed to have heavily influenced the writing of Genesis I in the Old Testament. Marduks acts of creation mark the start of time and are commemorated annually as the new year. Following Marduks victory over Tiamat, the gods assemble, celebrate, and honor Marduk by conferring 50 name attributes on him. Marduk Gains Power Over the Gods Marduk became prominent in Babylonia, thanks historically to Hammurabi. Nebuchadnezzar I was the first to officially acknowledge that Marduk was head of the pantheon, in the 12th century B.C. Mythologically, before Marduk went into battle against the salt-water god Tiamat, he obtained power over the other gods, with their volition. Jastrow says, despite his primacy, Marduk always acknowledges Eas priority. The Many Names of Marduk Marduk, having received 50 names, received epithets of other gods. Thus, Marduk may have been associated with Shamash as a  sun god and with Adad as a storm god. According to A Dictionary of World Mythology, there was a henotheistic tendency in the Assyro-Babylonian pantheon that led to the incorporation of various other gods within Marduk. Zagmuk, the spring equinox new years festival marked the resurrection of Marduk. It was also the day the Babylonian kings powers were renewed. Sources Studies in Marduk, by W. G. Lambert. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London (1984).Sennacherib and Tarsus, by Stephanie Dalley. Anatolian Studies (1999).The civilization of Babylonia and Assyria, by Morris Jastrow (1915)

Total Quality Management - 1420 Words

ontents * 1 Definition * 2 Origins * 3 TQM in manufacturing * 4 TQM and contingency-based research * 5 TQM, just another Management fad? * 6 References * 7 See also * 8 External links Definition TQM is composed of three paradigms: * Total: Organization wide * Quality: With its usual Definitions, with all its complexities (External Definition) * Management: The system of managing with steps like Plan, Organize, Control, Lead, Staff, etc. As defined by the International Organization for Standards (ISO): TQM is a management approach for an organization, centered on quality, based on the participation of all its members and aiming at long-term success through customer†¦show more content†¦One popular test is a life test in which the sample product is operated until a part fails. Another popular test is called shake and bake, in which the product is mounted on a vibrator in an environmental oven, and operated at progressively more extreme vibration and temperatures until something fails. The failure is then isolated and engineers design an improvement. A commonly-discovered failure is for the product to disintegrate. If fasteners fail, the improvements might be to use measured-tension nutdrivers to ensure that screws don t come off, or improved adhesives to ensure that parts remain glued. If a gearbox wears out first, a typical engineering design improvement might be to substitute a brushless stepper motor for a DC motor with a gearbox. The improvement is that a stepper motor has no brushes or gears to wear out, so it lasts ten or more times as long. The stepper motor is more expensive than a DC motor, but cheaper than a DC motor combined with a gearbox. The electronics are radically different, but equally expensive. One disadvantage might be that a stepper motor can hum or whine, and usually needs noise-isolating mounts. Often, a TQMed product is cheaper to produce because of efficiency/performance improvements and because there s no need to repair dead-on-arrival products, which represents an immensely more desirable product. [edit] TQM and contingency-based research TQM hasShow MoreRelatedDefinition Of Total Quality Management750 Words   |  3 PagesQuality Glossary Definition: TQM A core definition of total quality management (TQM) describes a management approach to long–term success through customer satisfaction. In a TQM effort, all members of an organization participate in improving processes, products, services, and the culture in which they work. ________________________________________ Total Quality Management TQM, also known as total productive maintenance, describes a management approach to long-term success through customer satisfactionRead MoreDefine Total Quality Management1206 Words   |  5 PagesDefine Total Quality Management University of Phoenix Quality Management and Productivity MGT/449 May 6, 2006 Israr Hayath Total Quality Management Producing a quality product, whether a tangible item or a service, is the goal of all organizations, how this goal is achieved will be the challenge. Quality of the end product has been an obstacle in America for decades. In the post World War II era as production of products in America rose, the quality of those products diminished. AtRead MoreBenefits Of Total Quality Management1277 Words   |  6 Pagesthat can provide such organizations with this desired continuity and competitive advantage is the quality of their goods and this can be monitored and improved by the practice of total quality management. Since the 1980’s, total quality management has been conceptualized on basic principles such as customer focus, continuous improvement and human resource management. The use of total quality management has become widespread among various organizations. Most researchers are of the opinion that managersRead MoreThe Father Of Total Quality Management1720 Words   |  7 PagesThe father of Total Quality Management is W. Edwards Deming (1986). He believed in order for TQM to be successful it requires transformation of the American business management. TQM have received mixed views public organizations believe it worked while, others did not. The key elements of TQM are: I. Leaders must develop and disseminate the aims and purposes of the organization. Management must also commit to them. II. Everyone, including upper management, must learn the new philosophy. III. InRead MoreTotal Quality Management ( Tqm )2141 Words   |  9 PagesTotal Quality Management is defined as an organization wide focus on satisfying customers by continuously improving every business process for delivering goods and services. Total Quality Management (TQM) has proved to be a survival matter in the 21st century. Organizations that have adopted TQM practices have experienced a general improvement in their commercial performance, including improvement in the worker output, improved consumer uptake and market trust. Almost every organization establishesRead MoreTqm - Total Quality Management2861 Words   |  12 Pagesonline at http://www.journalcra.com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH International Journal of Current Research Vol. 3, Issue, 3, pp.149-153, March, 2011 3 ISSN: 0975-833X REVIEW ARTICLE TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN EDUCATION 1Jayakumaran, M. and 2Manoharan, C. 1Department of Management Studies, Kalasalingam University, Virudhunagar (Dt.) Tamil Nadu, India 2Department of Education, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India ARTICLE INFO Article History: Received 18thRead MoreDefinition Of Total Quality Management1798 Words   |  8 PagesAssignment On Total Quality Management Submitted by Dated â€Æ' Contents Introduction 3 Thesis Statement 4 What Is Total Quality Management 4 Definitions of TQM 5 The Concept of Continuous Improvement by TQM 7 Total Quality Management Principles 8 1. Customer focus 8 2. Employee skills development 9 3. Operations improvement 9 4. Integrated system 9 5. Strategic Approach 10 6. Constant change 10 7. Strengthen leadership 10 8. Effectiveness in communication 11 Implementation of TQM 11 Executives’ responsibility:Read More Total Quality Management Essay437 Words   |  2 Pages Management Holmes, Rustin L. Confronting TQM Resisters Head-On - The Medical Laboratory Observer 1996, p. 1-4 Abstract nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Total Quality Management involves employees working in teams toward a common goal to manage the organization. This is a spreading practice in the healthcare industry. However when first presented with this new method of management some people are often skeptical. Many have been working under one philosophy of management for so long that they mayRead MoreTotal Quality Management in Construction2760 Words   |  12 PagesTotal Quality Management In Construction The major new element in world market competition is quality. During the 1970s and 1980s, the Japanese and their U.S. companies demonstrated that high quality is achievable at lower costs and greater customer satisfaction. It was the result of using the management principles of total quality management (TQM). More and more U.S. companies have demonstrated that such achievements are possible Using TQM as a new way to manage. Such companies also foundRead MoreQuality And Total Quality Management1662 Words   |  7 PagesQuality is defined by meeting customers needs. Total quality management in the company through continuous improvement of the quality of its products, services and people. (Goetsch, 2010) Quality and total quality management, the main difference is that perception and activities. (Goetsch, 2010) Here are two of the main elements of the total amount as follows: 1) Education and training: all must be trained and the staff of the organization and educated so that they work hard to do a smart job.

Medieval Architecture Essay - 1838 Words

Medieval Architecture World Geography 101 December 1, 2010 The Middle Ages, also known as the Medieval era, though scarred with a history of violence and war, has given the world some of the most marvelous and beautiful pieces of art, particularly in architecture. The Middle Ages is the name given to the time period from the late 5th century to the 15th century, particular to European history. The construction of these types of buildings was a constant for various cultures for a thousand years. They can be categorized into three phases; Pre-Romanesque, Romanesque and Gothic. The most important buildings during medieval times were religious, defensive and governmental or power related. Figure 1 – Sarcophagus of Abbess†¦show more content†¦Much of the architecture in the Romanesque era evolved into Gothic architecture. The Gothic era ran from the 12th century into the 16th century. There wasn’t necessarily a clean break from Romanesque to Gothic styles of architecture, but rather a gradual shift in design. The main characteristics of Gothic architecture are the pointed ribbed vaults and arches, flying buttresses and, in place of solid walls, a cluster of columns. Due to the vertical emphasis of the design, the archways could be redesigned and stretched or pointed. Four main Figure 5 – The depressed arch supported by fan vaulting at King’s College Chapel, England. types of arch designs that are commonly found within Gothic architecture are the lancet arch, which is simply a steeply pointed arch, the equilateral arch, the flamboyant arch and the depressed arch as seen in the King’s College Chapel. (see figure 5) Due to the n ew design of supporting the weight of the ceiling through the columns and flying buttresses, there was no need for walls made of heavy materials. With all the columns and archways in place, the structure took on a skeletal look. This gave way to expanding the once small openings for windows to an expanse of window space providing plenty of light to the interior of the structure. This space was commonly filled with stained glass. From this, stained glassShow MoreRelatedAncient Architecture : Ancient And Medieval Architecture1015 Words   |  5 PagesReligion’s Architecture Ancient and Medieval Architecture spans from the meaningful Zygurats in Mesopotamia to the elaborate Gothic Churches in France. Architecture has been influenced by many factors like environment, politics, and culture. However, the greater factor that influenced Ancient and Medieval Architecture is religion. Religion, Gods, and the heavens where the key factors in creating Mesopotamian Ziggurats, Egyptian Pyramids, Greek Temples, Christian Basilicas, Islamic Mosques, andRead MoreSacred Medieval Architecture789 Words   |  4 Pagesemphasizing the importance of the Eastern Church in everyday life. The Byzantine architecture maintains a sense of well-balanced proportions and favors a more simple approach to the building’s exterior. The Byzantines established an architectural style, different from the Romans generally by plans that were well thought out and intricate (Western Architecture p.138-139). One of the most important works of Byzantine architecture is the Hagia Sophia. The Hagia Sophia, which took less than six years to buildRead MoreMedieval Art And Architecture Of The Gothic Architecture909 Words   |  4 PagesThe term Gothic comes from Giorgio Vaasari, he used the term to ridicule the medieval art and architecture. Putting the art aside, the architecture of the period was quite awesome, cathedrals stand today as a testament to this. The Gothic style was birthed in France as the Romanesque style evolved. The Saint-Denis was the first Gothic cathedral; it was designed Abbot Suger in 1144. Gothic Cathedrals were marvels in their time as they towered above the cities, they frequently reached over 150 metersRead MoreEssay on Renaissance and Medieval Architecture2537 Words   |  11 PagesEurope. But what caused this revival? The Medieval Era, or Middle Ages was Renaissance’s predecessor. During the Medieval Era, Gothic and Romanesque Architecture was seen throughout Europe. Since Renaissance followed the Middle Ages, it is possible to describe their differences throughout Europe. The changes that happened throughout culture, religion, ideology, and government ultimately led the people of the Renaissance Era to express their skills in architecture, sciences, arts, and etc. The contrastRead MoreMedieval Period – Feudal System and Architecture3601 Words   |  15 Pagesabout the medieval period, they tend to think about the knights in shining armor, crusades, castles, and kings; however, there was more to the medieval period than just this. There are also th e buildings that housed these great nobles and the men who influenced their design. The designs for these buildings did no simply materialize out of thin air. These ideas evolved from concepts derived from various cultures. The interaction between the feudal system and the architecture of the medieval times influencedRead MoreArchitecture: Classical Greek vs. Medieval Gothic Essays996 Words   |  4 PagesArchitecture: Classical Greek vs. Medieval Gothic Wendy DeLisio HUM_266 September 24, 2012 Taniya Hossain Architecture: Classical Greek vs. Medieval Gothic Looking at the design of different structures throughout the world, one may not realize the beauty of the art in each of them or the ideals on which they were constructed. For example the classical Greek era, 480 BCE – 330 BCE that held the ideals ofRead MoreMedieval Architecture : The Caernarvon Castle1698 Words   |  7 PagesMedieval Architecture: The Caernarvon Castle When people think of a medieval castle, they often tend to visualize a â€Å"fairy tale representation† of something that they had seen in a Disney film. The buildings are usually lavish-looking and filled with whimsical wonder and intrigue, but no one really wonders about the story behind the architecture and style used to construct it. This generic idea is merely scratching the surface of what an actual castle from the medieval era would look like or standRead MoreWhy Stanley Was A Modern Architecture Or Medieval Arts?895 Words   |  4 PagesStanley was not particularly interested in architecture or medieval arts, so it was with a passing glance that he absorbed the palace. He loved the finery and his eye immediately caught on anything that glinted; silvery decorations casually placed like a treasure hoard, glazed ceramic engaged in the soothingly geometric eddies of mosaics, and of course, the sparkle of fountains in the garden. Even with the interest that he took in the compliments of wealth that he observed, he still felt slightlyRead MoreSociety Wasn’t Built In a Day: Societal Structure in The Age of Innocence1493 Words   |  6 Pageslike houses and businesses are built a certain way. They each have a certain way of functioning and placing some people above others. Throughout history, there are plenty examples of this concept, the best of which lies within the feudal system of Medieval Europe. Feudalism started with the Lords, who owned the land on which their Vassals worked and lived. The vassals did not run the place, and were seen as part of the base of the societal structure that supported the Lords by working their land forRead MoreThe Concept Of Modern Design1483 Words   |  6 Pagesinterpreted in many ways, but in all, it strives to create a lasting form that will withstand generations. Throughout time architecture is not only shaped by the aesthetics of stylistic design but also the emotional impact a building can create. After witnessing the horrors from the First World War people wanted an alternative or a ‘return to order,’ and began to favor architecture that was more charming and organic, promoting the philosophy of harmony between individuals and their homes. Combining with

Csr Essay Free Essays

string(451) " seen as a deviation from maximizing profits\? Or should a company’s managers strive to cut costs, but so that it is not so evident to customers, in order to get more money\? For example, a manager of a food company knows that he can substitute one ingredient for another, cheaper one, which may cause cancer if often consumed, and the customers most probably won’t realize it, because the appearance and the taste of the product will not change\." â€Å"It takes 20 years to build a reputation and five minutes to ruin it. If you think about that, you’ll do things differently. † Warren Edward Buffet, Entrepreneur. We will write a custom essay sample on Csr Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Social responsibility of business is a very contradicting topic and there clearly can be no perfect answer as to what extent corporations should employ it. Milton Friedman and Ivar Kolstad have contrasting opinions on the issue, and both of them listed weighty arguments for their positions. In this essay I would like to express my view on the problem presented in the articles. The argument can in fact be called â€Å"shareholders vs. stakeholders†. Management is bound to be responsible to shareholders; otherwise there will be some other management who will be responsible to them. In this respect, management does not have a choice. But they do have a choice whether or not to be responsible to other stakeholders as well, that is, employ some general and non-legislative principles of doing business. Shareholders are central in Milton Friedman’s opinion. He believes that a company exists in order to satisfy the shareholders and give them the most possible out of it. I cannot agree with this view and I think that it is quite narrow, because most companies are so much more than just profit-generators for stockholders. Of course companies need to make profit – otherwise they cannot survive, but owners should indeed feel the difference between fair profits, fair return on their money, and unlimited profits created at someone’s expense. Let’s look at managers’ choice between maximizing profits and caring for stakeholders from the perspective of different schools of normative ethics. Kantian deontology states that there are actions that are always good and actions that are always bad, and humans should act according to their moral duties, not to selfish motives and wishes. In the world of capitalists, this theory is quite hard to apply, since businesses inherently pursue the goal of profit generation, which is selfish by its nature. However, an idea of universal law can be used to evaluate moral actions: if one manager chooses to deceive his customers, let’s assume that all managers choose to deceive their customers. What would the result be? All customers would be deceived and would no longer trust the companies. So when making decisions, Kant suggests thinking in terms of universal laws. The opposing theory – consequentialism, suggests that the moral value of an action only depends on its consequences. However, let’s imagine that an employee of a nuclear power station decides to talk to his friend on the phone instead of controlling the process. If everything goes right and no catastrophe happens, can his action be considered ethically good? In this sense, the theory is not very useful. However, if we are talking about managers’ decisions, they should always think about consequences that their actions can cause. Another theory is utilitarianism, which evaluates the moral value of an action in terms of the summed happiness of all members of society that resulted from it. Shareholders make themselves â€Å"happy† by maximizing profits at any expense, but a whole lot of stakeholders are left â€Å"unhappy†. Therefore, owners of the company minimize the good in society by maximizing profits. On the other hand, a company can make a lot of people deliriously happy by giving out its products for free, and soon go bankrupt. So where does the thin line lie between maximizing customers’ value while staying financially sound and giving up profit opportunities for ethical motives, getting no or a very moderate return? It’s a very hard question, but in my opinion, companies should try to avoid doing harm to customers, employees and environment whenever they can. Another school is called classical school, and it states that the moral value of an action depends on its nature, motives and consequences. In my opinion, this theory is the most sensible one, because it comprises all other theories and does not look at actions from a narrow perspective. As long as customers are concerned, CSR is integral when dealing with them. If customers are dissatisfied with the quality of a product or service they get, or a company somehow deceives them, thus maximizing its profits, it receives a bad reputation and as a result can lose all of its customers and the shareholders would not get any returns. However, all too often companies cut costs at the expense of their customers’ well-being: for example, feed chickens with hormones that can have adverse effect not only on an individual, but also on his genes; or use low-cost resins in the production of furniture that poison humans’ breathing system. Frequently customers do not know about these hazards and assume that the product is of decent quality. I am not saying that companies should openly declare that their products are harmful, but rather that from the ethical point of view it would be right if the customer could have an overall image of the product that he is purchasing. It makes sense to also mention the billboards advertising make-up products where all women seem perfect and consumers subconsciously think that if they buy the product, they would be closer to the perfect image presented to them. However, it appears that most of these photos are heavily photoshoped and there is no way a real woman can look like this. However, these images do affect the overall standards of beauty, and make many women depressed about their appearance and many men to admire not the real natural beauty, but a fake photo of a woman he might never notice in the real life. In this sense, Dove has made quite an ethical move and launched a â€Å"Campaign for Real Beauty† (although it may as well be that this so-called â€Å"responsible† campaign was nothing but a fresh marketing move). However, it attracted attention to the topic and made more people aware of it. From Friedmanian point of view, can good quality goods be seen as a deviation from maximizing profits? Or should a company’s managers strive to cut costs, but so that it is not so evident to customers, in order to get more money? For example, a manager of a food company knows that he can substitute one ingredient for another, cheaper one, which may cause cancer if often consumed, and the customers most probably won’t realize it, because the appearance and the taste of the product will not change. You read "Csr Essay" in category "Essay examples" Should he maximize profits in this case? According to Friedman’s view, if a manager knows about the possibility but decides not to use it, he taxes the shareholders who would not get this additional profit. In the end it all comes down to the agent-principal theory, which states that managers have skills and knowledge that the shareholders do not themselves possess, therefore owners often cannot estimate, whether or not the management is doing a good job, so they need to trust the management. It follows that the management indeed has a choice, because shareholders do not really know to what extent management acts in owners’ interests. And again, shareholders most often can go away, sell their shares and have nothing more to do with the company, so they are likely to involve with strategies that damage other stakeholders. If we talk about employees, would it be fair to use child labor or underpaid labor in some third world? Kolstad says that companies have bigger responsibility in poor countries than in rich countries because poor countries’ governments cannot guarantee their citizens’ rights. I agree with him and I believe that there should be some sort of a moral code for companies, which defines that a company cannot exploit these unethical means of getting profits and involve in such â€Å"dirty† operations. Also, if we talk about layoffs, would it be fair to dismiss employees who have worked in a company for many years and who actually created its image and reputation? Shareholders are sort of blank in this sense – they are not involved in the development and production and often they do not put anything personal into the company, nor are they loyal – if the company does not promise good returns, they simply invest their money somewhere else. It is rather an ethical question whether these people need to be a priority for the management. Sure, their expectations need to be met, otherwise management will be dismissed, but a company is not its shareholders – in fact, they can be anyone. I believe that the main principle a company can adopt in relation to its employees is guaranteeing that everyone involved in the process gets a fair return. This means that there should be no miniscule salaries, regardless of where a company does business. However, if we talk about countries’ differences, surely a salary of a worker in China would be lower than that of the same worker in Finland. The point is that a company should not aim to just exploit the labor force of the country it chooses for its production, but rather think about how to make life for the workers better as well. If workers in a China are prepared to work for 100$ a month, but in this case it only gives them a chance to get by and not die, it would be very ethical from a company’s point of view to pay them 140$ a month. It would still be many times cheaper than hiring the same worker in Finland, but at least a company would give Chinese workers a chance to live decently. So all in all I believe that a company should not aim at employing people at the lowest possible salary in order to cut costs, but instead respect employees and ensure they get a fair return on their work. Another dimension of corporate responsibility is environment. It is special because the environment cannot cry for help, and if not enough attention is paid to it by the state or people, and a company does not treat it healthily, it becomes absolutely insecure. European and American companies that have factories in the third-world countries have no pragmatic interest in caring for the environment. Governments of these countries have to make a difficult choice between food and goods for its citizens and pollution caused by First World companies that choose Third World because environmental laws are much less strict there than in developed countries. So how should a company behave in regard to the environment? I believe that it is integral that a company does not just exploit it and leave the state and the population of the country dealing with the negative consequences. For example, managers are frequently tempted to cut costs by not installing waste filters and pouring unfiltered dump into rivers, lakes and soil. They can foresee that the consequences of this negligence can be disastrous, but they just do not care because they can always move their factories to another poor country with loose environmental legislation. This behavior is morally ill from the point of view of classic school of normative ethics. The nature of an act in obviously damaging – they pollute the environment. Their intention is to cut costs by involving in this negligence, and is by no means noble. The circumstances are bad and the managers actually could foresee it, but they are either too happy themselves with the stream of money or shareholders make the decisions for managers and make them behave in an environmentally harmful way. In this case managers become â€Å"Dams† and the organization can be considered ethically ill. However, who could directly punish companies for such actions? Their customers in the First World may have some idea of this irresponsibility, but they like the cheap product and most of them still are not so environmentally conscious. Home government does not really care what the company does in some Third World country. So in the end it all falls down on the Third World country, its government and especially people. It also has to be said that all environmentally irresponsible decisions are relatively short-term from the whole mankind’s point of view, because for now we have only one planet with the fixed amount of non-renewable resources. However, the safety and sustainability of nature is always dependent on numerous individuals who face trade-offs between clean environment and their own advantage, and people are generally prone to choose what is best for them. In conclusion, it has to be said that there are no perfect companies – each business inevitably pursues its own selfish aims. However, in modern globalized world, where corporations have a lot more influence and power than ever before, they also have a lot more responsibilities to the society. Unfortunately, managers all too often forget that they are the ones who can make all the difference to a company that is avoiding its responsibilities. â€Å"It is easy to dodge our responsibilities, but we cannot dodge the consequences of dodging our responsibilities† Josiah Charles Stamp, English Economist and President of the Bank of England How to cite Csr Essay, Essays

Introduction To Business Law An Advertising Company

Questions: Assignment You work for an advertising company and are asked to review a holiday package from a brochure before it goes to print. You are asked to provide advice to the advertising company on the legal effect of the representations in the brochure. You are asked to produce a report for management outlining the issues relating to the brochure.Select a package holiday brochure. Read it and analyse it, looking to answer the following questions in your report;1. Identify the key information about the holiday as set out in brochure.2. Critically analyse the package using the principles of contract law found in case law and categorise the statements into representations, terms, conditions and warranties.3. Critically analyse and identify any material in the brochure which is potentially; unconscionable misleading or deceptive false representation bait advertising offers gifts or prizesIn your report explain the effect of these representations having regard to the consumer and consumer prot ection laws. You should outline the law relating to advertising including improper business practices, any legislation regulating advertising, unlawful sales techniques and the powers of enforcement.4. Critically examine the brochure and identify any exclusion or limitation clauses and explain using the principles of contract law whether the clauses would be valid. Answers: 1. Identification of key information about holiday in the sample brochure Section 5 of the Package Travel Regulations suggests that the following components should be present within a holiday brochure: The description of destination Type of transportation to be used The description meals and delicacy included in the package General information about the passport visa requirements The route map of the tour (Ben-Shahar, 2010) The legal obligations pertaining to the cancellation, rescheduling and delay of the tour package (Ukecc.net, 2015) The selected brochure includes the following key information to help the consumers in making a choice about their desired holiday package. Summarized description of the scenic beauty of Croatia and Montenegro The plan of visit including the names and landmarks included in the travel package like free excursions to Dubrovnik, Konvale valley, Montenegro and resorts like Budva and Sveti Stefan. The brochure also includes information about the entertainment activities like availability of bar for 12 hours The information about the transportation offered by the travel company is also mentioned in the brochure. The coordinator informs the travelers that the holiday package will be scheduled though British Airways flights The package details the additional information in relation to the availability of food packages and the availability of travel insurance benefits and single rooms availability at no extra cost. To increase the attractiveness of the package the graphical picture of the resorts in Croatia and Montenegro are also printed on the top of the brochure. 2. Critical analysis of the brochure using principles of contract law As per the norms of the Package Travel, Package holidays and Package Tours Regulations 1992 (PTRs), every supplier of holiday packages must abide by the general terms and conditions of a holiday contract (Brmmelmeyer, 2011). The tour operators design the travel packages keeping in mind the terms of contract. In the sample brochure, the operator includes legal liability for travel insurance and cancellation compensation. These terms shows representation of care, comfort and safety provided by the operator to the travelers. Hence if the travelers encounter any accident in the process of journey then on the grounds of intentional misrepresentation they can claim compensation from the operator. Case law: Stevenson V Four Winds travel: The case showed that representations in a tour operators brochure could create a sense of duty or warranty concerning the guests safety while on tour (Ryan, 1991). According to the UK contract act 1999, every holiday operator should include both express and implied terms within the brochure. The express terms are to be clearly mentioned in a written form in the brochure (Hall, Howells and Watson, 2012). However, the implied terms are nor directly stated in the brochure but implied to be included in the contract. The following brochure includes express terms like: Breakfast, lunch and dinner packages Free bar open for 12 hours a day Single rooms at no cost However as per regulation 15 (1) of the PTRs 1992 the major implied term of the operator is to deliver all express terms with proper care and skill and provide a blissful travel experience (Furmston, Chuah and Willett, 2010). In this brochure, it is implied that the operator will provide high standard food and beverages as per the Food Standards Act 1999, premium hotel service as per the regulations of Association of travel Agents (ABTA) and take proper care of the physical health of the consumers (Schulte-Nolke and Tichy , 2010). As per section 5 of the PRTs the sample brochure does not contain the some of the major express terms like the route map of the travel package, the meals description and delicacy that will be served and the standard if accommodation that will be provided (Tradingstandards.gov.uk, 2015). The consumers availing the holiday packages are required to sign a terms and conditions mentioned along with the travel brochure to agree to the conditions and warranties of the travel as regulated by the Office of Fair Trading (OFT). A condition is the major term of the contract, the breach of which gives the innocent party the power to claim compensation and even end the contract. The major condition in the sample brochure is the mention about the limited price offer of the package until October 2012 (Tradingstandards.gov.uk, 2015). However, the brochure fails to mention the prices that will be charged by the operator for additional services. Warranties on the contrary are the minor terms in a contract the breach of which will not entitle the party to end the contract. To maintain the legal safety the operator should also include the following conditions and warranties in the brochure Permissible age limit of the consumers who can avail the travel package Data Protection and privacy maintenance acts Deposits and balances for the holiday package Conditions on non refund of money if the consumer returns early from the tour (Ben-Shahar, 2010) 3. Critical analysis and identification of legal material in the brochure The consumer protection laws 1999 sets out the regulations under the Package and travel Regulations that will help the customer to chose a protected holiday. Regulation 2(1) of the PTRs provides that the holiday package offered should be a combination of transport and accommodation (Furmston, Chuah and Willett, 2010). Section 4 of the PTRs suggests that the holiday must be described in the brochure without any exaggerated statements and any false representations which are not present in reality. Further regulations 12 and 13 of the PTRs provide the customers the opportunity to withdraw from the package if the operator does some last minute cancellations or alterations in the package. In this regard, the customers are legally liable to opt for another substitute package within the same price range. Unconscionable terms As per section 2- 302 of the Uniform Commercial Code the contract is termed to be unconscionable when the terms in the contract do not give choice or bargaining power to one party. It is a one sided contract. The potentially unconscionable term in the sample brochure is the additional inclusion of the excursion to the charming resorts of Budva and Sveti Stefan. The condition in the brochure states that Sveti Stefan peninsula is inaccessible for the public however, the excursions to the resorts at that destination are compulsory. This shows that the travelers get no opportunity of bargaining the excursion (Thomas, 2010). Misleading or deceptive Section 14 of the Trade description Act 1986 provides regulations for the consumers protection from Unfair Trading Regulations. As per the regulations the tour operators should abide by the following rules in relation to brochure information The brochure should not include false or deceptive messages The operator should not leave out any important information about the package from the brochure The operator should prevent using aggressive sales techniques (Hall, Howells and Watson, 2012). In the brochure, the tour operator may face potential legal issues due to exaggerated and false presentation of picture graphics showing a lavish accommodation of the island. Since the actual location and the details about the hotel facilities are not mentioned in the brochure hence under directive 84/450/EC the parties are legally liable to demand for compensation if the accommodation and the location do not comply with the picture on the brochure. Hence, to avoid legality it is advisable to give details about the hotel and resorts facilities in the brochure (Grant, 2012). False representation As per the Fraud act, 2006 a representation is termed to be false if it is untrue and misleading and if the person making the term is aware of the fact. In the brochure, the highly exaggerated description of the destination may arise as a potential falsely represented clause (Suharnoko, 2012). Case law: Yugotours Limited -v- Wadsley(1988) 153 JP 345 In this case the Yugotours holiday brochure advertised a holiday with the tagline Adriatic Island Adventure. The holiday description included the key words like excitement, majestic schooner, sail on board etc with pictures of high quality sailing boards. However, the customers complained that the vessel for sailing did not match the picture in the brochure (Hall, Howells and Watson, 2012). The company was charged under section 14 of the Trade Descriptions Act for making false representations (Segu-Llins and Capell-Cervera, 2006). Bait advertising Section 19 of the Fair Trading Act 1973 states that the operators of a travelling industry are legally prohibited to offer any travel package or goods for sale to the consumers without being able to satisfy the likely demand of the offer. The act is known as bait advertising. The brochure here is offering the travel package of 14 nights at a discounted rate of 899(Legislation.gov.uk, 2015). However, the potential legal obligations arising out of bait advertising shows that the standard of accommodation, which the operator can offer within this price, is not mentioned. Moreover, the non-optional extra charges like the single room charge for an extra single room is also not referred in the brochure. The price of the package after the stipulated period of the special offer is also missing in the brochure. Offers, gifts and prizes The Consumer Protection Act 1987 and the Unfair Trading Practices Regulations 2008 provides the regulations for special offers, gifts and prizes offered by the sellers to the buyers. The regulations state that the seller of the travel packages is legally prohibited to make false limited offer claims for increasing their sales. The limited price offer in the brochure may create a legal obligation for the operator as per the norms of UTP (Legislation.gov.uk, 2015). 4. Identification of exclusion and limitation clause As per the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1999 the term that gives restriction on the rights of the contracting parties are known as exclusion clause. There are three types of exclusion clause namely true exclusion clause, limitation clause and time limitation clause. The limitation cluse that is a part of the exclusion clause provides terms that limits the amount of compensation that parties can claim on breach of the contract. In order to reduce the legal liability the tour operator must include the standard exclusion clause within the travel package brochure. Although the exclusion clause is restricting the right of the consumers, however it is also beneficial for the operators in order to avoid false and irrelevant complaints. The sample brochure do not include any exclusion clause. However, the website of Saga shows the booking conditions which includes the following exclusion clauses: The travel operator is not liable for any ocean injuries outside mainland Britain and is not liable to cover any medical expense in this regard One of the potential clause also mentions that the potential age qualification for the travelers of Saga holidays are above 50 years and any if any child or individual below the age level are included in the tour than the company is not liable for their responsibility (Legislation.gov.uk, 2015). The potential legal obligation that may arise due to limitation clause is the clause relating to travel insurance and additional cover. As per the norms of the Travel Insurance, the operators can sell travel insurance in the following three manners Policy covering a single trip A yearly policy covering multiple trips within a specific period An ongoing policy that is connected to bank account of the party Insurance which covers worldwide travel or a limited travel (Tradingstandards.gov.uk, 2015) The operator in the brochure has mentioned the option of providing travel insurance without mentioning the limitation clause. The operator in this respect should also mention the exclusion of any pre- existing medical conditions within the insurance terms so that the parties become knowledgeable about their rights and claims. The limitation clause in a travel brochure also includes limits to the compensation claim of the parties in case of any environmental hazards (Mawrey and Riley-Smith, 2012). The brochure here puts a limitation clause on curtailment issue of a holiday due to unavoidable occurrences. Hence, if the operator curtails the time limit of the holiday package then the parties can claim for 50% of the compensation only. Moreover, the avoidance of any responsibility of the children makes it difficult for the parties to avail the tour package because of an uncertainty of the medical assurance. The brochure also has limitation clause on the compensation or responsibility reg arding the loss of baggage or property from the hotel or departure positions. Reference list Bellantuono, G. (2010). The Limits of Contract Law in the Regulatory State.European Review of Contract Law, 6(2). Ben-Shahar, O. (2010). One-Way Contracts: Consumer Protection without Law.European Review of Contract Law, 6(3). Bentley, T. A. and Page, S. J. (2001), Scoping the extent of adventure tourism accidents, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 28, pp. 705-726 Brmmelmeyer, C. (2011). Principles of European Insurance Contract Law.European Review of Contract Law, 7(3). Buckley, R., Witting, M. and Guest, M. (2001), Managing people in Australian parks 3, Risk management public liability, Sustainable Tourism CRC, Gold Coast, QLD Carter and Harland, (2004) Contract Law in Australia, 4th ed., Butterworths Lexis Nexis, Chen-Wishart, M. (2012).Contract law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Contract: Performance: Legal Holiday. (1902).Michigan Law Review, 1(3), p.227. Evans, M., Shickle, D. and Morgan, M. (2001). Travel Illness in British Package Holiday Tourists: Prospective Cohort Study.Journal of Infection, 43(2), pp.140-147. Furmston, M., Chuah, J. and Willett, C. (2010).Commercial and consumer law. Harlow, England: Pearson Longman. Grant, D. (2012).Holiday law. London: Sweet maxwell. Hall, E., Howells, G. and Watson, J. (2012). The Consumer Rights Directive An Assessment of its Contribution to the Development of European Consumer Contract Law.European Review of Contract Law, 8(2). Health preparation for travel and travellers' diarrhoea in British package holiday tourists. (1998).Journal of Infection, 36(2), p.A11. Johnson, P. and B. Thomas, (1992), Choice and Demand in Tourism. London: Mansell Publishing Limited. Khoury and Yamouni, (2006) Understanding Contract Law, 7th ed., Butterworths Lexis Nexis, Legislation.gov.uk, (2015).Fraud Act 2006. [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/35/section/2 [Accessed 20 Feb. 2015]. Mawrey, R. and Riley-Smith, T. (2012).Butterworths commercial and consumer law handbook. London: LexisNexis. Ryan, C. (1991). UK package holiday industry.Tourism Management, 12(1), pp.76-77. Schulte-Nolke, H. and Tichy , L. (2010).Perspectives for European consumer law. Munich: Sellier. European Law Pub. Segu-Llins, M. and Capell-Cervera, J. (2006). Spanish Package Holiday Tourism to China: Spatial Patterns and Tourist Attractions.Tourism Geographies, 8(3), pp.233-252. Suharnoko, (2012). Contract Law in a Comparative Perspective.ILREV, 2(2), p.117. Thomas, J. (2010). Insurance Law Between Business Law and Consumer Law.American Journal of Comparative Law, 58(0), pp.353-367. Tradingstandards.gov.uk, (2015).Gloucestershire Trading Standards - Business Advice - Package tours holidays. [online] Available at: https://www.tradingstandards.gov.uk/cgi-bin/glos/bus1item.cgi?file=*BADV015-1111.txt [Accessed 20 Feb. 2015]. Ukecc.net, (2015).Package travel - UK European Consumer Centre. [online] Available at: https://www.ukecc.net/popular/package-travel.cfm [Accessed 20 Feb. 2015]. Wilks, J. and Corry, M. (2002), Overseas visitor injuries in Queensland hospitals: 1996-2000, Journal of Tourism Studies, vol. 13, pp. 2-8 Wilks, J., Pendergast, D. and Wood, M. (2002), Overseas visitor deaths in Australia: 1997-2000, Current Issues in Tourism, vol. 5, pp. 550-557 Bibliography Bellantuono, G. (2010). The Limits of Contract Law in the Regulatory State.European Review of Contract Law, 6(2). Ben-Shahar, O. (2010). One-Way Contracts: Consumer Protection without Law.European Review of Contract Law, 6(3). Brmmelmeyer, C. (2011). Principles of European Insurance Contract Law.European Review of Contract Law, 7(3). Chen-Wishart, M. (2012).Contract law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Contract: Performance: Legal Holiday. (1902).Michigan Law Review, 1(3), p.227. Evans, M., Shickle, D. and Morgan, M. (2001). Travel Illness in British Package Holiday Tourists: Prospective Cohort Study.Journal of Infection, 43(2), pp.140-147. Furmston, M., Chuah, J. and Willett, C. (2010).Commercial and consumer law. Harlow, England: Pearson Longman. Grant, D. (2012).Holiday law. London: Sweet maxwell. Hall, E., Howells, G. and Watson, J. (2012). The Consumer Rights Directive An Assessment of its Contribution to the Development of European Consumer Contract Law.European Review of Contract Law, 8(2).. Legislation.gov.uk, (2015).Fraud Act 2006. [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/35/section/2 [Accessed 20 Feb. 2015]. Mawrey, R. and Riley-Smith, T. (2012).Butterworths commercial and consumer law handbook. London: LexisNexis. Ryan, C. (1991). UK package holiday industry.Tourism Management, 12(1), pp.76-77. Schulte-Nolke, H. and Tichy , L. (2010).Perspectives for European consumer law. Munich: Sellier. European Law Pub. Segu-Llins, M. and Capell-Cervera, J. (2006). Spanish Package Holiday Tourism to China: Spatial Patterns and Tourist Attractions.Tourism Geographies, 8(3), pp.233-252. Suharnoko, (2012). Contract Law in a Comparative Perspective.ILREV, 2(2), p.117. Thomas, J. (2010). Insurance Law Between Business Law and Consumer Law.American Journal of Comparative Law, 58(0), pp.353-367. Tradingstandards.gov.uk, (2015).Gloucestershire Trading Standards - Business Advice - Package tours holidays. [online] Available at: https://www.tradingstandards.gov.uk/cgi-bin/glos/bus1item.cgi?file=*BADV015-1111.txt [Accessed 20 Feb. 2015]. Ukecc.net, (2015).Package travel - UK European Consumer Centre. [online] Available at: https://www.ukecc.net/popular/package-travel.cfm [Accessed 20 Feb. 2015].

Spirituality and Art free essay sample

The term has changed throughout modern day society that it can now be classes as a separate entity from religion itself. Three key contemporary artists that use their works to convey the message of spirituality are; Alex Grey- The Artists Hand, 1997, OLL on wood, xx 6 Inches; H. R Geiger The Spell l, 1973, Acrylic, Ink on wood 240x280cm and Colossal Leaseholds The Oracle, 2009, Painting, Pastel on canvas 16 x 21. 9 Inches. Each one of these three pieces has a different take on what the artist personally believes spirituality is.Alex Grey is that of a visionary artist best known for his depictions of the human DOD. The multiple layers of reality, revealing the complex integration of body, mind, and spirit has become his trademark in the asss. His paintings have been featured on various covers of albums and have been exhibited throughout the world. (Haggier, 2006) The artists hand, 1997, holds a powerful instrument, here symbolized by a Vassar brush, Is a means to awaken people to their own essence through the light of higher power. We will write a custom essay sample on Spirituality and Art or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The history of art is an expression of universal creativity that Invisibly surrounds and supports every creative action. The Vassar Is a spiritual device, a hundredfold scepter owned by the Hindu god Indri and adopted by the Buddhist sages as a symbol of the diamond-like clarity and brilliance of the minds true nature. (Alex Grey) This is a key point in Grey piece along with his signature of the human body. The Artists Hand shows the layers of a human body each layer showing a new representation of it.The Vassar has lightning obtruding from it and the figurines in the background are all that of superstitious being either being a direct decent of a religion or an ancient civilization. The incorporation of the eye is one that with background search tells of a clarity to the artists beliefs. Grey interpretation of spirituality in which his pieces show that his definition comes from the human body and key charka elements. To Grey It seems that spirituality comes from within the human body rather then of a religious origin.Geiger however uses his Interpretation of the relationships that the body has, The Spell I (1973) by H. R. Geiger shows the relationship between man and machine. Structure to the next level, allowing evolution to take place with the existing aid of machinery. The visuals presented in Jiggers artwork tell the story of how humankind s affected by its surroundings and what we take for granted. This is Jiggers idea of our future and if we keep relying on a machinery to complete our tasks we will become one with machine living in a cultures society. Mark, 1982) Unlike Grey, Geiger use of the human body is more conceptual in a mechanical way; he utilizes the concept of the matrix in his piece along with key spirituality symbols like the horned female and the skull. Even though futuristic his take on spirituality is that of a symbolic method. Cosmic Legislative is a well-rounded spiritual artist who is said to e artist of the world who unlike Geiger and Grey is inspired by life and the cultural heritage and ancient symbols. Her pieces are of less refinance and are that of an exploratory piece.Legislative channels her spirituality through nature and meditation; her piece uses ancient symbols and meanings. Her interpretation of The Oracle, 2009, is that of a dreamlike appearance. Her use of position allows the viewer to focus of the clarity of the eyes in the piece. The use of her medium is crucial in this piece and so is the symbolic meaning behind it. Comparing this piece to Jiggers and Grey it is clear that it is more earthy then the two others. Grey and Geiger have a precision to their pieces that Legislative does not capture however each artist expresses in their own way what they think spirituality is.Geiger and Grey even though having slight common grounds take very different paths with their concepts. The use of the human body has been a key feature throughout each of these three pieces and shows that the human body is a crucial piece in the Journey through spirituality. Spirituality is still a term that lacks certain defiance or a definitive function, although social scientists have tried to define spirituality as the search for the scared; which is broadly defined as that which is set apart from the ordinary.The term itself still remains broadly defined; however you may choose to argue the points that of the artists, Alex Grey, H. R Geiger and Cosmic Legislative each convey through their works as the definition. Each has tried to convey their own definition of spirituality though their own works. But at the end of the day spirituality is something that one defines within themselves through their beliefs, attitudes and values; it is meeting that will remain till the end of time as an undefined term that through various artistic channels many try to seek its true origins.

Technology Essay Paper Example For Students

Technology Essay Paper Outline1 Introduction2 Select a Topic3 Determine the Reason to Write3.1 Write a Topic Sentence3.2 Use Transitional Sentences3.3 Be Brief3.4 Writing Style3.5 Use figures4 Conclusion Introduction Writing an excellent article on technology  can be challenging though with much effort and practice you can improve on your skill. When developing this type of essay, you should be ensuring you are up to date with the recent developments since technology  keeps changing. In most instances, your teacher will give you guidelines that entail the format, length, and the audience of the article. In this article, you will learn about how to outline  an exciting technology  advancement essay  as you strive to get access to education. Select a Topic Before you start writing, ensure the titles  and subtitles of the essay that you are going to write are interesting and does not entail to much technical stuff. Technology  itself is a diverse topic  so selecting favorable topics  that will help you outline  your points comfortably and guarantees you good grades from your teacher. Some of the titles  you can work on include; Pros and cons of e-learning Debate on cloning Can we exist in a world with no TV and Mass Media? How does modern day technology  enhance our living? The utility and threat of rapid development of technology Our world in 100 years from now Online dating: development or degradation? We will write a custom essay on Technology Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A good technology  essay not only holds good writing skills but attentive and mindful reading as well. Before you start your  topics, make sure you have a  prompt  of the article before jotting the final paper. You should consider the following The introduction has strong and well-structured words thesis  that you will develop in the course of the essay. Make the part more interesting, catchy, and informative to uplift the readers morale and interest to continue reading your article. A credible proof of every statement you highlight. Include specific technology vocabulary appropriately Cite the sources of your texts – a well-written article defines the source the information. It is a way of authenticating and supporting your essay. Add links in your paper to assist the reader to learn other things from the linked pages. Organize your article – a well-organized essay gives the reader of your paper an idea about each paragraph that is following the other right from the heading. A powerful conclusion that reminds the reader about the crucial points in the essay reflecting the main idea of the whole paper. As you develop your content, assemble all the relevant details to match your topic, but you can make the essay more general if you have minimal resources at your disposal after doing extensive research. If the choice of your article is for example how the latest technology  affects the society, talk about the advantages and disadvantages  of the effects. When writing, ensure the information that you are giving out to the society  is from reliable sources. You will make your essay more interesting if you use only the latest news on the topic. Determine the Reason to Write The purpose of essay writing is a direct association with the  thesis  statement. As you write, develop a theme and then come to the thesis  statement of the technology  thesis. When writing through directives from your teacher or other purposes like commercial writing, then craft articles that are meaningful and have a high demand to the society Write a Topic Sentence Topic sentences help in supporting the introductory paragraph like how the introduction paragraph support the thesis statement. Ensure that topic sentence should be in the  introduction  part and the begging of every paragraph. Come up with the well-crafted sentence to engage the reader. Use Transitional Sentences Introductory paragraphs minus a transitional hook make it incomplete. To make the introduction  part more appealing, always use the transitional hooks  at the end. The words are inserted to connect different paragraphs. These kind of sentences are also essential since they are used to link the body paragraphs. .udfbdcf1dc4e5c62764a7ef3bd83914b4 , .udfbdcf1dc4e5c62764a7ef3bd83914b4 .postImageUrl , .udfbdcf1dc4e5c62764a7ef3bd83914b4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udfbdcf1dc4e5c62764a7ef3bd83914b4 , .udfbdcf1dc4e5c62764a7ef3bd83914b4:hover , .udfbdcf1dc4e5c62764a7ef3bd83914b4:visited , .udfbdcf1dc4e5c62764a7ef3bd83914b4:active { border:0!important; } .udfbdcf1dc4e5c62764a7ef3bd83914b4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udfbdcf1dc4e5c62764a7ef3bd83914b4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udfbdcf1dc4e5c62764a7ef3bd83914b4:active , .udfbdcf1dc4e5c62764a7ef3bd83914b4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udfbdcf1dc4e5c62764a7ef3bd83914b4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udfbdcf1dc4e5c62764a7ef3bd83914b4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udfbdcf1dc4e5c62764a7ef3bd83914b4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udfbdcf1dc4e5c62764a7ef3bd83914b4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udfbdcf1dc4e5c62764a7ef3bd83914b4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udfbdcf1dc4e5c62764a7ef3bd83914b4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udfbdcf1dc4e5c62764a7ef3bd83914b4 .udfbdcf1dc4e5c62764a7ef3bd83914b4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udfbdcf1dc4e5c62764a7ef3bd83914b4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Free King Henry Viii EssayBe Brief When writing, use shorter and direct phrases possible. Make sure every word that you put down count and remove those words that do not support your point. By doing so, you increase the readers appreciation for your content. Revise your article paragraph by paragraph, sentence by sentence, and word by word as you eliminate the points that do not contribute to the main agenda of the topic. Writing Style When writing a technology  essay, dont use passive voice but instead use actives voice for clear, direct and straightforward phrasing. Use figures Since different people learn things differently, your work will be more presentable to different people when you substitute text essays with graph ones. Make every number that you apply in your work stand on its own giving all the essential information to help the reader understand it. Always put the figures at the top of the page. When you position figures at the middle or bottom of a page, it will be hard for the reader to find the next paragraph of the text. Disengage from using bitmaps since they may be to read to some of your readers, instead use figures from your drawing programs in a vector graphics format. Conclusion Although technology essays  are quite technical, you can become an excellent writer in your quest to have access to education  through engaging the reader with recent technological developments in the society  and outlining your opinion while stating the facts and actual statistics.

Life Domains free essay sample

Humans alone have the only solution to their problem and the more they evolve the better they’ll be at fixing them, so live as if your inner desires do have some meaning and try to make an impact on the world. Atheistic Existentialism / HUMAN VALUE Truly there is no ultimate value of a human life, but Humans can have value because they create their own reality by making their own choices – good or bad. Atheistic Existentialism / HUMAN PURPOSE Our only purpose – according to an AE is that of making yourself into who or what you wish to be, otherwise there is no purpose.Atheistic Existentialism / ETHICS Ethics – Schmethics†¦As long as you make a conscience choice to do something – good or bad – you are determining what your ethics are. not living by the laws of man, or any other guide. Atheistic Existentialism / SUFFERING Nothing good comes of it – there is no purpose for it – so don’t do it. We will write a custom essay sample on Life Domains or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Atheistic Existentialism / MEANING OF LIFE There is no real meaning – each individual is able to determine what life means to them by their choices to be or not to be, do or not do, etc.Atheistic Existentialism / HUMAN DESIRE Kill it! Don’t be led by your inner needs, wants, voices, it is absurd to follow these â€Å"accidental causes† of evolution because you don’t need anything more than the basics to survive. Personal Reflection Directions: Briefly summarize your personal reflection on the information that you have entered into Tables 1 and 2 in this assignment. It is interesting to see the â€Å"evolution† of these 3 worldviews.From the Naturalist who views everything as natural in it’s existence – you exist based on your senses and experiences alone to the Secular Humanist with their realization that humans are wonderful – great creatures with personalities and determinations, but it doesn’t matter†¦to the Atheistic Existentialist (AE) – who finally realizes that the innermost feelings and desires we have as humans do exist, but would be better off â€Å"killed† or cut out than to be nurtured and followed. To me It is just man’s way of not wanting to give credit where credit is do! So many people feel they have to â€Å"give up† so much to follow God.The only way Satan can â€Å"win† is to have more souls in hi s army than God. He finds our weaknesses and zeroes in on them to keep us from realizing the truth. Man’s ego and sense of self is historically his ruination. It’s easy to see how in these days, these 3 views – all making humans the only thing that matter and by crossing out God, satan is able to lead many astray. (NIV) Matthew 7:13-14 13 â€Å"Enter through the narrow gate. For wide is the gate and broad is the road that leads to destruction, and many enter through it. 14 But small is the gate and narrow the road that leads to life, and only a few find it. †

What Is the IB Program, and What Are IB Classes

What Is the IB Program, and What Are IB Classes SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips One factor some students consider when choosing a high school is whether it has an International Baccalaureate program. Sometimes compared with the Advanced Placement (AP) program, the IB program allows students to take college-level courses while in high school. So what is International Baccalaureate? What is the IB Program and an IB Diploma, and why are IB classes worth taking?In this article, we introduce all things IB, including the diploma requirements and features of the exam. We also tell you whether you have to get an IB diploma in order to earn college credit for your IB classes. What Is IB? An Overview The International Baccalaureate (IB) program was designed in Switzerland in the 1960s. Its purpose was to give students around the world a chance to earn a rigorous, internationally recognized diploma, which they could then use for entry into universities. (You can read more about the history and philosophy of the IB program on the official IB website. ) To earn an IB diploma, you have to go to an IB-approved school and meet the requirements, including taking classes in the six subject groups, passing the IB exams, and completing three additional core requirements. But what if you don’t want to do the diploma? It's also possible to take a few IB classes without doing the full-blown diploma program, though each high school has its own policy on this. How Does College Credit Work for IB? IB exams are recognized for college credit in a way similar to how AP exams are used. You don’t have to earn the IB diploma to get credit for individual classes, as colleges give credit course by course. For example, check outStanford’s chart for IB credit. IB classes come in two forms: "higher level" and "standard level" (we will discuss this in more detail below). Some colleges only give credit for the higher-level classes (as Stanford does). Also,some colleges will completely waive general education requirements for students who have completed the full IB diploma.See the University of Utah’s policy here as an example. This means that a student with an IB diploma could totally skip gen ed classes and jump right into their major. This would obviously save a ton of time and money,and shows why getting the IB diploma can be a huge advantage. To find a school’s policy on IB credit, search for "[School Name] IB credit policy." Most universities have a dedicated web page for explaining their IB credit policy. What Are the Benefits of the IB Program? One of the chief benefits of the IB program is that it provides academic preparation for college. IB courses are known for being interdisciplinary, requiring a good deal of independent thinking, and assigning oral presentations and original research- all characteristics of college courses. Spoiler alert: college-level research involves a bit more work than just Googling something. Especially if you earn the full IB diploma, your IB courses will be a great way of showing that you have taken tough courses in a range of subjects,from math to English to history to science, and are able to manage college-level coursework. As we discussed before, colleges want to see that you've taken the most advanced classes available to you.And taking IB is a great way to do just that. In addition to getting preparation for college, you can get credit for college classes by passing IB exams. Again, you don’t need to complete the full IB diploma in order to earn credit, so if you don’t think you can fit the IB diploma into your schedule, it might still benefit you to take a few individual IB classes. Unfortunately, taking an IB exam isn’t cheap. There's a $172 registration fee as well as a $119 fee per exam. While this is a lot of money, it is much less than the tuition you would pay for the same intro-level college course. Many schools also have their own financial aid programs for IB. Learn more about IB costs here. What Are the 6Core Courses in the IB Program? To earn the full IB diploma, you have to take courses from six subjects, one each from groups 1-5, and either one from group 6 or a substitute from one of the other groups: Group 1: Studies in Language and Literature (most likely an English literature course if you’re an American student) Group 2: Language Acquisition (a foreign language course) Group 3: Individuals and Societies (history, economics, geography, other social sciences) Group 4: Experimental Sciences (biology, chemistry, physics, other sciences) Group 5: Mathematics Group 6: The Arts (dance, theater, visual arts, etc.) Between three and four subjects must be taken at the â€Å"higher level† (HL) and the rest at the â€Å"standard level† (SL) in order to earn the diploma. Higher-level courses are more challenging- IB recommends a minimum of 240 hours of instructional time for HL courses, and 150 hours for SL courses. Some schools handle the higher-level requirements by having students take the SL or AP version of a course first, and the HL version second, thereby forming a two-year sequence. For example, you might take AP English Literature as a junior, and then Higher-Level IB English as a senior. Also, note thatmany high schools with IB programs have recommended four-year plans to help students fit in all the requirements,since there's a lot to keep track of. Therefore, you won't necessarily have to do a bunch of schedule-planning on your own. If your school or a school you're interested in has an IB program, get in touch with the guidance counseling office to find out whether they have recommended IB class sequences. This can help you if you're deciding which high school to attend, or if you can’t decide whether you want to take IB classes or not. What Are IB Exams? For each of those six core classes, you also have to take an IB exam. IB exams are given in May (or November for southern hemisphere schools). They have two parts: an external assessment and internal assessment. The external assessment is the more traditional exam portion, and consists of two or three "papers," usually done on the same day or a few days in a row. A paper is essentially an exam section, and they usually have a combination of multiple-choice, short-answer, extended-response, and data- or case-analysis questions. You won't spend much time bubbling in answers on an IB exam. The papers are graded by independent examiners- similar to how AP exams are graded by certified AP graders. The internal assessments are done by the teacher. These can include oral presentations, practical work (such as a written lab report), or other written work. 5% or more of the internal assessments will also be graded by a moderator appointed by IB- and based on this moderation, the grading curve of that subject at the school will be set. IB exams are graded from 1 to 7, with 6 and 7 considered an A, and anything 4 and up generally considered a passingscore (though IB doesn’t set official passing grades). Most colleges give IB credit for scores of 5 and higher. To earn the IB diploma, you need to score an average of 4 on each exam to get the minimum 24 needed points. You canlearn more about IB examson the IB website. What Are the 3Core Requirements in the IB Program? In addition to IB classes and exams, there are three more core requirements students must complete to earn an IB diploma. Read about them below: #1: The Extended Essay This is an independent research essay of up to 4,000 words that's graded externally by IB. It has to be focused on one academic subjectand written on a topic that's been approved by IB. Students are awarded points toward their diploma based on how well they do on the essay. #2: Theory of Knowledge (TOK) Class This class teaches the nature of knowledge and builds skills in critical thinking. Students have to complete a presentation (graded by the teacher) and a 1,600-word essay (graded externally) to pass this course. #3: Creativity, Activity, Service (CAS) Lastly, students are required to participate in anactivity outside of class, either community service, athletics, or creative activities.For most students, their regular extracurricular activities and sports count for these hours, meaning that they don't need to add anything to their schedules in order to fulfill this requirement. IB vs AP: Key Similarities and Differences We have a complete rundown of AP vs IB in this post, which includes a guide to deciding between the two programs. That being said, here are some of the key similarities and differences between the two. What’s the Same? Both the AP and IB programs allow you to take a challenging course followed by an exam that you can earn college credit for. In some schools, they're even the same course (e.g. AP/IB French, AP/IB Biology, etc.). AP and IB are generally the most challenging courses available to high school students. Unless you're able to sign up for local college courses or do advanced independent projects and research, AB and IB are likely the best (and most convenient) way for you to begin preparing for college. What’s Different? Although both programs offer challenging courses for high school students, there are a lot of differences in how they do so. Popularity Advanced Placement is by far the more popular program.In 20142.3 million students took AP tests, and in 2017 this number rose to more than 2.7 million. By contrast,only about 160,000 students took IB exams in 2017. The diploma pass rate was 78.4%. Some families opt for the IB program over the AP program as it's rarer and can help set students apart in the admissions process. Diploma IB was designed as a diploma program (although, as we discussed above, it is possible to take just a few IB classes for college credit). Meanwhile,the AP program was designed around advanced classes- not a diploma. (That said, the AP has created a competitor to IB via the AP International Diploma, whichyou can read about here.) Class Curricula IB curricula are stricter for teachers. IB has certain required assignments your teacher has to grade, such as oral presentations, as part of the internal assessment. In contrast, AP teachers have a bit more freedom in how they may teach an AP course, just so long as they're effectively preparing students for the exam. Difficulty IB Higher Level courses are often considered more difficult than APs, whereas IB Standard Level courses are considered the same as or easier than APs. Keep in mind that how difficult a class is to pass at your school will vary depending on the teacher and his or her curriculum. Exam Content IB exams contain more writing and application of ideas, whereas APs are more about proving what you know. This is why AP exams have more multiple choice, while the IB exams feature more short-response questions, essays, and case studies. Cost IB exams are more expensive than AP tests since there's a registration fee and a fee per exam. For AP exams, you just pay for the exam, which is $94. Remember that these fees are much lower than college tuition for the same classes! College Credit Getting AP credit can be more straightforward since more US colleges are familiar with it and the College Board officially sets a passing grade (3 out of 5) while IB does not. Furthermore, because AP courses only come in one difficulty level, it can be easier for colleges to set credit policies for AP exams. For IB, colleges have to decide how they'll handle Standard Level and Higher Level courses. However, for both IB and AP, the higher your passing score is, the more likely you are to get credit for college. For example, an AP exam score of 5 nearly always earns credit, the same as an IB score of 7 does. Don't forget this when you're studying! What’s Next? You know a lot about IB- but what about AP? See our guide to what AP classes are and why you should take them. Also studying for the SAT or ACT? Figure out which exam you're more likely to do the best on! Get a timeline for studying for the SAT/ACT. Planning ahead will give you the opportunity to get a higher score on test day! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Dealing With A Characters Internal Thoughts

Dealing With A Characters Internal Thoughts Dealing With A Characters Internal Thoughts Dealing With A Characters Internal Thoughts By Maeve Maddox Suzanne Ouimet writes: I have written several books which are dialogue driven. What I am wondering is how to express my characters thoughts. It gets a bit tiresome to keep saying something like he thought to himself. (who else would he be talking to anyway?) I have also tried putting the characters thoughts in italics or some other font. That too may be disruptive. Any suggestions? Anyone who writes fiction wrestles with the problem of how to convey a characters inner dialogue without distracting from the flow of the story. How not to do it Setting off a characters thoughts in quotation marks is a definite no-no. Such a technique is confusing to the reader. When we see quotation marks, we have the expectation that a character is speaking the words aloud. Some writers and writers guides do use or recommend italics to designate thoughts, but the device is distracting to many readers. Using a different font would make things worse. As Suzanne points out, adding to himself to he thought is redundant. How to do it Sometimes it is necessary to use he thought, or she wondered to avoid confusion, but such tags can be used sparingly. Here are some illustrations from Ellizabeth Georges mystery Deception on His Mind. In an early scene, in which Rachel and Shalah are together, Rachels thoughts are conveyed without any tags through four paragraphs. Then, as Rachel watches Shalah, a tag becomes necessary: Shalah made two more folds in the nappie and placed it on the pile at the end of the ironing board. She walked to the window and checked on her nephews. It seemed a needless thing to do, Rachel thought. They were sleeping like the dead. When a character is alone, no tags are needed to convey unspoken thoughts. Chapter 10 of Georges novel begins with internal dialog: When shed first made her escape from the jewellery shop, Rachel had only one destination in mind. She knew that she had to do something to mitigate the uneasy situation in which her actions had placed Sahlah, not to mention herself. The problem was that she wasnt sure what that something might be. She knew only that she had to act at once. This internal dialog continues without tags for about five pages before another character appears. In one place in her internal musings, Rachel recalls the words of a salesman. George puts the recalled words in quotation marks: She didnt want to think of the flat. Our very last one, the salesman had called it The Marshall Plan In his writing guide, Evan Marshall does recommend using italics to convey thought. I dont agree with this particular piece of advice, but overall, Marshalls guide is one of my writing bibles. If youre not familiar with The Marshall Plan for Novel Writing, check it out. The cover copy bills it as a 16-step program guaranteed to take you from idea to completed manuscript. In Step 11, Marshall talks about how to convey feelings, thoughts, and back story without slowing down the reader. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Avoid Beginning a Sentence with â€Å"With†Connotations of 35 Words for Funny PeopleThe Difference Between e.g. and i.e.?

Understanding the Phenomenon of McDonaldization

Understanding the Phenomenon of McDonaldization McDonaldization is a concept developed by American sociologist George Ritzer which refers to the particular kind of rationalization of production, work, and consumption that rose to prominence in the late twentieth century. The basic idea is that these elements have been adapted based on the characteristics of a fast-food restaurant- efficiency, calculability, predictability and standardization, and control- and that this adaptation has ripple effects throughout all aspects of society. The McDonaldization of Society George Ritzer introduced the concept of McDonaldization with his 1993 book,  The McDonaldization of Society.  Since that time the concept has become central within the field of sociology and especially within the sociology of globalization. The sixth edition of the book, published in 2011, has been cited nearly 7,000 times. According to Ritzer, the McDonaldization of society is a phenomenon that occurs when society, its institutions, and its organizations are adapted to have the same characteristics that are found in fast-food chains. These include efficiency, calculability, predictability and standardization, and control. Ritzers theory of McDonaldization is an update on classical sociologist Max Webers theory of how scientific rationality produced bureaucracy, which became the central organizing force of modern societies through much of the twentieth century. According to Weber, the modern bureaucracy was defined by hierarchical roles, compartmentalized knowledge and roles, a perceived merit-based system of employment and advancement, and the legal-rationality authority of the rule of law. These characteristics could be observed (and still can be) throughout many aspects of societies around the world. According to Ritzer, changes within science, economy, and culture have shifted societies away from Webers bureaucracy to a new social structure and order that he calls McDonaldization. As he explains in his book of the same name, this new economic and social order is defined by four key aspects. Efficiency  entails a managerial focus on minimizing the time required to complete individual tasks as well as that required to complete the whole operation or process of production and distribution.Calculability  is a focus on quantifiable objectives (counting things) rather than subjective ones (evaluation of quality).Predictability and standardization  are found in repetitive and routinized production or service delivery processes and in the consistent output of products or experiences that are identical or close to it (predictability of the consumer experience).Finally, control within McDonaldization is wielded by the management to ensure that workers appear and act the same on a moment-to-moment and daily basis. It also refers to the use of robots and technology to reduce or replace human employees wherever possible. Ritzer asserts that these characteristics are not only observable in production, work, and in the consumer experience, but that their defining presence in these areas extends as ripple effects through all aspects of social life. McDonaldization affects our values, preferences, goals, and worldviews, our identities, and our social relationships. Further, sociologists recognize that McDonaldization is a global phenomenon, driven by Western corporations, the economic power and cultural dominance of the West, and as such it leads to a global homogenization of economic and social life. The Downside of McDonaldization After laying out how McDonaldization works in the book, Ritzer explains that this narrow focus on rationality actually produces irrationality. He observed, Most specifically, irrationality means that rational systems are unreasonable systems. By that, I mean that they deny the basic humanity, the human reason, of the people who work within or are served by them. Many have no doubt encountered what Ritzer describes here  when the human capacity for reason seems to be not at all present in transactions or experiences that are marred by rigid adherence to the rules and policies of an organization. Those that work under these conditions often experience them as dehumanizing as well. This is because McDonaldization does not require a skilled workforce. Focusing on the four key characteristics that produce McDonaldization has eliminated the need for skilled workers. Workers in these conditions engage in repetitive, routinized, highly focused and compartmentalized tasks that are quickly and cheaply taught, and thus easy to replace. This kind of work devalues labor and takes away workers bargaining power. Sociologists observe that this kind of work has reduced workers rights and wages in the US and around the world, which is exactly why workers at places like McDonalds and Walmart are leading the fight for a living wage in the U.S.  Meanwhile in China, workers who produced iPhones and iPads face similar conditions and struggles. The characteristics of McDonaldization have crept into the consumer experience too, with free consumer labor folded into the production process. Ever bus your own table at a restaurant or cafà ©? Dutifully follow the instructions to assemble Ikea furniture? Pick your own apples, pumpkins, or blueberries? Check yourself out at the grocery store? Then you have been socialized to complete the production or distribution process for free, thus aiding a company in achieving efficiency and control. Sociologists observe the characteristics of McDonaldization in other areas of life, like education and media too, with a clear shift from quality to quantifiable measures over time, standardization and efficiency playing significant roles in both, and control too. Look around, and you will be surprised to find that you will notice the impacts of McDonaldization throughout your life.

Management and Leadership Coaching Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management and Leadership Coaching Models - Essay Example , a coach will consider differences in his own and the client’s personality, knowledge, abilities and skills which will assist him to tailor the specific needs of the person (Skiffington & Zeus, 2003). Contrary to this, situational leadership model to identify the variables in the situation at hand and change their management techniques to suit to the behavioral needs of an individual or group they are influencing. It ensures that leaders adapt continuously to accommodate changing abilities of their people and complex tasks over time. Behavioral change model can be applied in organizations when assessing covert actions such as anxiety and limiting beliefs in individuals. They work in assessing emotional and environmental vents as well as providing statistical proof of change with benefits. It cannot work when defining the progress of a person based on personal traits and characteristics. On the other hand, situational leadership can be applied to leadership only and may not work in other levels of an organization structure (Escondido, 1998). It is applied to address leadership behaviors such as telling people what to do, selling information and direction to followers, participating on relationship as opposed to direction and delegating responsibility to groups while monitoring the

Religious Charities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Religious Charities - Essay Example For instance, pro-choice groups use community backing, legal action and public education in protecting the woman’s choice to manage her reproductive choice while anti-choice, especially religious charities, use the same to discourage abortion because of their sacred and moral values. However, the presence of these civic organizations is viewed as fundamental to success of a democratic system (Berry & Jeffrey, 2005). There are deep controversies over values played out in the nonprofit sector around religious beliefs, personal responsibility and individual right, as well as the separation of the state and the church. On the other hand, the impact of religious charities in society is profound and long-term. Religious charities provide the spiritual needs of members and protect the religious dogma and ideals. Social, as well as health services, crises care, and advocacy activities, child care, as well as psychotherapy, are all services provided by religious charities. In addition, they impact on civic skills to their followers who learn to classify and join forces for common ends; for instance, voting in a certain direction. In the U.S., there has existed continuing debate on the disjointing of church and the state (Ehrlich & Clotfelter, 1999). Most religious entities fall outside the government regulatory framework for nonprofit organizations; they are exempted from tax deductions on contributions. This has raised a debate over the actual impact of separating religion and state. Traditionally, religious entities, as long as they offered services under government contracts, used to be free to monitor and supervise, unlike secular entities (Boris & Eugene, 2006). As religious leaders advanced charitable choices, it turned out that increased government revenue was accompanied by government demand for accountability and compliance with the laid down standards. They realized that

C2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

C2 - Essay Example The K-12 reform in education was a significant move towards improvement in the country’s higher education system (Bahry and Marr, 2005). It was meant to promote post-secondary education through scholarships, which are important in supporting the students who might be ambitious and capable to learn but are unable to pay the tuition fees. There were also strategies aimed at promoting higher education in Qatar to world class level, which included encouraging prestigious global institutions to establish in the country. Qatar University was restructured to conform to the modern requirements of higher education institutions. In all the reforms, women and men were accorded equal opportunities for education. Affirmative action encouraged women to take advantage of the reforms, which led to the emergence of an educated population of women ready to take up challenging roles in healthcare, legal profession, business and other economic activities (Goldman et al. 2007). Without limitations as to the sex that should be educated, boys and girls are competing on equal grounds, which have made it possible for women to outcompete men in higher education. Bahry and Marr (2005) noted that there is high retention of girls in schools than it is for boys. The number of girls who are completing secondary level is therefore higher than boys. Moreover, studies indicate that girls are passing exams without special treatment (Planning Council, 2005). Opportunities for boys are many since some employers are still clinging to the conventional believes, which might be the reason for boys to discontinue with education in favor of unskilled labor. On the other hand, such tendencies are motivating girls to continue to higher education for the reason that there are no employment opportunities for them in the unskilled low paying labor intensive jobs. The women who are therefore joining various professions in the country are

POLICY MAKING IN THE UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

POLICY MAKING IN THE UK - Essay Example nd its prevention were recognized a hundred years ago, political concern and legal steps to stop this problem started from the 1950s (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2000). It has become an acute problem nowadays because Smoking remains the main cause of preventable disease and premature death in the UK. In England alone, over 80,000 deaths per year are due to smoking and about 8.5 million people still smoke in England today. (dh.gov.uk). In the case of UK, the anti-tobacco strategy is carried as a cross-government initiative involving a variety of departments and agencies. The Health Department has the overall responsibility for the delivery of anti-tobacco strategy through formulation of strict laws. UK government formulated its anti-tobacco policy to the extent that it did not want young people to be exposed to tobacco promotions and advertisements and importantly wanted to make it difficult for the young people to get hold of tobacco and tobacco related product of cigarette. As far a s the promotions and advertisements are concerned, the UK government believes that if children or young people are not exposed to it, it will not create an urge among them to smoke. Tobacco policy currently rests on claims: tobacco advertising and promotion are the major reasons why young people begin to smoke; so all forms of tobacco advertising and promotion, including tobacco displays, should be banned. (Basham). As part of the anti-tobacco policy, the government came up with the Health Bill 2009. The key proposals in the bill are the need for the commercial shops to remove tobacco displays and importantly restrict the sale of cigarettes from vending machines. Removing tobacco displays will in a way prevent prospective children and young people from being exposed to the promotions and will also support smokers who want to quit as displays prompt impulse purchases undermining efforts to give up. (dh.gov.uk). Also, the proposal to restrict or even ban the sale of cigarettes from the